A Chilling Pre-War Tale of Continental War with Genetically Engineered Super-Soldiers

Philip George Chadwick, with introduction by Brian Aldiss, The Death Guard (London: Penguin 1982).

I bought this a few weeks after reading about it online. It was first published in 1939, although according to Wikipedia Chadwick probably started writing it in 1919 after the First World War. Very little is known about Chadwick himself, though the brief author biography at the end of the novel states that he was born in 1893, the youngest son of a North Country family. He wrote a number of short stories for newspapers and magazines in the ’20s and ’30s, as well as poetry. He lived for a while in Brighton, where he raised a family and was known as a articulate and talented political speaker, first for the Fabians and then as an Independent MP. He died in 1955.

The description of the book as ‘underground’ suggests that it was somehow officially banned. This wasn’t the case. It appears to have had a limited print run, and all but one copy seems to have been destroyed during the Blitz. It was long believed to have been lost completely, and perhaps even mythical, despite being referred to several times by no less than H.G. Wells. It was then rediscovered and republished by Penguin when they were trying to launch the RoC imprint of SF and Fantasy novels.

What makes the book fascinating to me is that it appears to be one of the earliest future war novels in which the menace is from genetically engineered warriors, somewhat like the armies clones used by the Empire in Star Wars, or the replicants in Blade Runner. In Chadwick’s vision, however, they are a form of artificial life that develops from a chemical soup into things like worms, before transforming into something like tadpoles then becoming humanoid. The creatures, simply dubbed ‘the Flesh’, or ‘units’ are pure slabs of muscle, with every other biological aspect pared down to the bare minimum. Instead of eyes, they have sockets of photosensitive skin. They breathe through their mouths, which has a membrane at the back through which they absorb air and their food, a mess of biologically engineered nutrients of the same type from which they are spawned, called ketchup. They have no intelligence or individuality. They exist purely to march and kill. Their creators equip them with helmets, a pair of spikes on either side of their bodies to make them even more efficient killers, metal shoes that make their feet rather like pig’s trotters, and a type of spear with four blades, dubbed a quadrifane. They are almost unkillable, and even when apparently dead, their biological substance lives on. It sprouts vesicles containing immature versions of the flesh, neoblasts, which then erupt to attack and kill in their turn. And the ketchup itself, unless consumed or destroyed, will also spawn more of the monsters.

The Origins of the Guard

These creatures are the products of Goble, a recently demobbed World War I soldier waiting with other former troopers for transport back to the demob centres and civilian life. Goble is haunted by an incident during the War, when he accidentally kills a fellow British trooper while on sentry duty. The man was too terrified to utter the password, and mistaking his inarticulate mumbling for that of an enemy, Goble killed him. He states, bitterly, that he didn’t want to be a soldier and become a killing machine. He is a former scientist, who with his supervisor, Dax, was engaged on a project to create life. It was during the War that he formulates the idea of the Death Guard, sketching out their appearance and equipment. Biological machines to do the fighting that humans wouldn’t.

Goble is discovered by Edom Beldite, a semi-retired industrialist seeking new projects to occupy his time. driving past Goble as he waits for transport back home. Beldite is fascinated by him, picks him up in his car, and takes him back to his country house, where Goble becomes a friend of the family, which includes his grandson Gregory Beldite, and the junior Beldite’s aunt, Fertile. Goble describes his killing of the other British squaddie and reveals his and Dax’s work on creating artificial life. Edom Beldite is fascinated by this, taking it up as a new hobby and converting the house’s stables into laboratories. This is the household environment in which the young Beldite grows up. The novel is framed as Beldite’s history of the war with the continental powers resulting from Beldite’s and Goble’s creatures, in which his personal memoirs as a significant participant in the events and ensuing war are an important part.

The Book’s Description of the Britain of the Late 20th Century

Despite initial official disapproval – at one point the laboratories and their staff have to be hidden from an inspection by the authorities – the experiments become an important but carefully hidden part of Beldite industries. Europe is bound by a series of international disarmament regulations which restrict the manufacture of weapons and technologies that may be used for war. This alternative future – the book is set in the 1970s – has autogyros and aircraft, but they are gliders launched from giant catapults. Other devices include the televisor, a sort of television. Not only can people watch it at home, they also do so in halls like cinemas. The broadcasting equipment is two way, so that politicians and political speakers using it to address the British public are able to view their audience and take stock of how well their speeches are going. It has been said that much Science Fiction reflects the time it was written, not the future, and this is the case with The Flesh Guard. Brighton is an entertainment resort, and people go to dance halls, not discos or nightclubs, and the Prime Minister wears a frock coat. It is also a Britain of grinding working class poverty and mass disaffection. There are militant pacifist groups plotting revolution and political censorship. When the leading pacifist spokesman attempts to address the nation on the threat of the Flesh Guard through the televisor, the authorities turn the sound off before dragging him away.

Racism and Black Subordination

It also reflects the racism of the time. The actual work of manufacture is done by the Experts, low-class, semi-educated Whites with brutal tastes. These centre around women, gambling, and staging ‘red try-outs’ – gladiatorial combats between members of the Guard, as well as their killing of cattle. After the infant creatures have been produced – dubbed at this stage ‘pugs’ – they are given over to Black workers to wash the chemicals from which they were spawned off them. These workers are described as ‘nigs’ or ‘ni**ers’. They are portrayed as simple minded, but potentially rebellious and bloodthirsty. In order to prevent them turning on their White employers and then the wider White community when they are relocated to Britain, they are kept in line with a false religion. This extols the White man, in the form of Edom Beldite, Dax, and a third leader in the manufacture of the Guard, as the creator of the Black race as well. The Flesh Guard are believed by the Black workers to be their brothers, and have instilled in them the doctrine that the Guard was deliberately created to protect Black people. This indoctrination is hammered into them through the ‘Glory Service’, held every evening in which attendance is mandatory.

As the manufacture of the Flesh becomes a part of Beldite’s industrial concerns and no longer a hobby, it is moved to Africa and a part of the Congo, under the guise of a subsidiary specialising in a new form of producing rubber. At the same time, the Guard draws the attention of Vessant, the smooth and scheming minister for war. Vessant sees them as a new weapon, an invincible army that will prevent and fight off any attempt by the continent to invade Britain. He therefore arranges with Beldite to increase production. Secret factories and depots are established throughout Yorkshire and the north. The ketchup that feeds the bioengineered hordes is disguised as ‘artificial food’. Gregory Beldite grows up, and takes up boxing and gliding as his hobbies. His uncle moves to Brighton, and it is there that his aunt Fertile introduces him to Paddy Hassall, the book’s heroine. Moving back to Yorkshire, Gregory Beldite joins the workforce at one of the Flesh factories, though as a ‘mugger’, a labourer running around serving the Experts, rather than management. One of the office workers is a member of the pacifist underground, and later introduces Beldite junior to his comrades at a political meeting in town. This gives the novel a quasi-working class viewpoint, even though young Beldite is a scion of the propertied classes.

Massacres by the Flesh in Africa

The Experts are restless for their old bloodsports, and so arrange a red try-out, whose victim is to be a cow they’ve managed to purchase. Only the Experts and muggers like Beldite are to know about this, not the office staff. This becomes a scene of carnage when one of the office women bursts in on them, wondering what it’s all about. The Unit at the centre of bullfight turns and kills her, and carries on killing the other personnel who futilely attempt to save her life. Back in Africa similar events have occurred. The Flesh escape from the Beldite compound to massacre the local African village leaving no one, not even a White missionary, alive. The Belgian authorities are outraged, as is much of the continent. They demand an immediate investigate of the Beldite compound. The Beldite company refuses and won’t allow them entry unless they are allowed to leave taking all their research and instruments with them. The Belgians therefore send an armed force against them, which is repulsed by the Flesh Guard. They are totally massacred, and the unleashed Guard goes on to butcher the British radio journalist and his crew secretly covering the events, which are broadcast live on the national news.

War with the Continent

The continental powers, fearing invasion and subjugation by Britain, join together in an alliance to invade. Even though they have been bound by the same international treaties, weapons research and manufacture has gone on secretly on their side as well. Their weapons include types of gas. One of these completely surrounds its target with murky black, preventing them from seeing the enemy. Another type, described as electric, destroys the functioning of machines as well as killing humans. This type of gas doesn’t disperse, but remains as a largely unseen toxic presence to kill the unwary travelling through the battle zones. The continental forces also have dominance of the air. There are giant motherships, flying aircraft carriers, transporting the Bomb Pluggers, sleek, streamlined dive bombers operated electronically by their pilots and which follow pre-programmed routs. The British navy is completely destroyed and the air force ruthlessly decimated. The continentals invade, but the British unleash the Death Guard, who mercilessly beat them back.

This does not end the war. The continentals embark on a bombing campaign, first against the Flesh factories, and then against the transport network and the towns and civilians centres. Order begins to break down. The government arranges the evacuation of civilians from the towns, and then shipments by air of food. Large areas of the country become impassable due to the destruction of the roads, the lingering gas and the neoblasts erupting from the parental Flesh seeking victims. Revolution breaks out in several parts of the north, as starvation and abandonment by the authorities to the bombing takes its toll. Roaming the devastated towns and countryside are the Mercy Gangs, volunteers who provide emergency medical aid to the wounded who can be saved, and euthanasian to those that can’t. Effective control of the country contracts to London and Brighton, an important place for the politicians and military leaders to unwind. As the war goes on, everything above ground is levelled and London’s people left to the assaults of the continental bombers. The really important personnel and equipment is moved hundreds of feet underground, where factories have been set up to produce a Flesh invasion force that will be transferred to the continent on rocketgliders to wreak death and destruction there.

After attending secret pacifist meetings, Gregory Beldite is conscripted into a special force of Experts charged with exterminating escaped Flesh and the neoblasts, during which his convoy is attacked by bombers, leaving him as the only survivor. He escapes, and makes his way across country, going to his old family home of View to meet his ailing uncle and persuade him to do something to stop the War. Beldite senior, however, lives in a hotel suite in Brighton along with Aunt Fertile. He is old, and sick, and while he wishes to stop the war, he is utterly sidelined by Vessant and the government. Haggard, one of his fellow Experts, goes down there with a message from Gregory telling them that he is now determined to do everything he can to stop the bloodshed. Haggard believes he is dead, but Paddy Hassall resolves to find him and forces Haggard to take her up north. Doing so they struggle with impassable roads, starving crowds who riot and try to attack them when they see Haggard’s Experts’ uniform. Finally their car is wrecked and Haggard killed protecting Paddy from a mass of attacking neoblasts. She struggles on alone, escaping the attention of a farmer, who forces her to attend to his wife in childbirth, but who clearly has other plans for her. Gregory Beldite eventually finds the view, but is shot and wounded by two unknown gunmen. There is no food or water in the house, so he starves while sustaining himself drinking its wine store. A crashed bombplugger at the side of the house offers him the opportunity of escape, but before he can use it, it is totally wrecked and himself nearly killed by a Flesh Unit. He seeks to escape and join a passing pacifist march, but he is shot again by the unseen shooters and the march killed by a continental air attack. Lying awaiting death, he is discovered by a Mercy Gang, recognised and then sent back south to recuperate.

He and Paddy become guests of Vessant and his wife at his country house. Vessant knows this is scheduled by the continentals to be destroyed the following day, but is going to abandon it and move to the underground warrens in London, there to preside over the Flesh counterattack and invasion of the continent. He takes Gregory Beldite, who has inherited ownership of Beldite from his uncle, who has since died, as well as the other remaining company directors. Once there, Gregory Beldite sees how far advanced the preparations are, and wonders if it is too late to stop it. The rocketgliders are hidden in silos hidden underneath buildings on the surface. The are blown up to open the silos beneath. Two columns of the Flesh Guard are marched to their waiting craft, which are then catapulted across the Channel to begin their murderous work.

Beldite Seizes Power to End the War

This is interrupted by a revolt from the Black workers, The Experts rush to Vessant’s command centre in panic, during which one of Vessant’s goons shoots one of the loyal Blacks, who had dropped to his hands and knees to plea for peaceful treatment. Gregory is also shot, but is dragged out by the other Experts, who kill Vessant and everyone in the room with him with one of the gas guns they use on the Flesh. Beldite then takes control of the situations, and in a coup seizes power in the government and company. He arranges a truce between Britain and the head of the continental forces, who descends to meet him in his mothership. Beldite has promised the British public victory, which doesn’t go down too well with the French commander. Nothing but complete surrender will satisfy the continentals, not even if Beldite stops a further invasion of the continent. Beldite then plays his last hand. One of his fellow directors, whom Beldite despises for his mercenary money-grubbing attitude, has repeatedly urged Beldite to sell the secrets of Flesh production to the various individual continental countries. They are businessmen, after all, and not in the business of war. Beldite tells the commander that if peace is not agreed upon, he will sell the secret to the individual nations of the alliance. They will immediately become mutually suspicious, and turn on each other, just as the alliance has turned on Britain. The Flesh will rampage across Europe and then the world. But to show the commander his good faith about British disarmament, he asks the Frenchman to look out the window. There, the remaining Flesh are being marched down the streets to their incineration by fire amidst cheering crowds attacking them with anything they can. This persuades the commander and the leaders of the alliance. Peace is declared. Beldite and Paddy are married and the work of reconstruction begins.

A Reflection of Interwar Britain

Chadwick was clearly drawing on the events and political situation of his own time. It reflects the tensions in interwar Britain, with pacifist societies and working class unrest. The seizure of power by revolutionaries in a number of northern towns seems to me to be based on the outbreak of the Russian Revolution and the collapse of central authorities and the seizure of power by local revolutionary councils in Germany and Austria after their defeat in World War I. The descriptions of combat, the disgust of troopers forced to watch it and the cynical attitude to the crowds cheering the Experts and other soldiers as heroes, strikes me very much as coming from a man who really did see combat and all its horrors. At one point, Beldite and Haggard are rescued from a destroyed observation post by a cheerful airman, charged with carrying food to the surviving population. Beldite looks down on him as inexperienced, someone who has only seen the war from the air.

The description of the grinding poverty of sections of the working class, and the conduct of their political meetings, also has the ring of authenticity.

Racism, Colonialism and a Black Fascist SF Writer

Contemporary readers, however, may be put off by the racism towards the Black workers. I think this reflects not just the attitude of the time, but also possibly more specifically that some colonials. The Experts may be based on some of the rough, low class Whites, given jobs above the Black workers in colonial society. And the distrust of Black Africans as potentially violent and murderous probably comes from racial tensions during the late 19th century phase of imperial expansion. As for the creation of a false religion to keep them in line, this plot device was used by a Fascist Black American writer in the 1930s. This individual published a novel in which a Black American superscientist takes over the leadership of Africa and its Black population to wage a genocidal war against White Europeans. In order to give Blacks the necessary moral and spiritual strength for their struggle, he creates a giant Black android to pose as their new god during religious services established to inculcate the superiority of the Black race and the urgency of the struggle against Whites.

Similarities to The Day of the Triffids and Stalker

The book is interesting for several reasons. It’s a cracking good story in itself, and the passages of Beldite’s, Haggard’s and Hassall’s travel through a devastated Britain reminded me Wyndham’s Day of the Triffids and its depiction of a ruined Britain threatened by another set of creatures, which may also have been biologically manufactured and which have also escaped human control. The hidden hazards of the devastated zones, such as the lingering gas, also reminded me of the Strugatsky’s Stalker, whose hero also navigates his way through a treacherous zone with hidden traps, though one that may have been created by material from an alien spaceship rather than a human war. It’s also interesting for its 1930s vision of a future Britain, which is pretty much like 1930s Britain but with advanced technology. Some of the predictions for this technology are very inaccurate, like the motherships, although there were experiments with them by some air forces. The planes are all propeller driven, so there are no jets, and mass air travel seems to be gliders launched from catapults. The televisor is shown in halls like a development of the cinema rather than rival to it.

Science and Artificial Life

The creation of the Flesh itself seems to come from contemporary scientific speculation, in particularly the vitalism of philosopher’s like Henri Bergson. Goble at one point explains that life is inherent in matter, and it is only a case in some ways of freeing it. This is before the discovery of DNA and the more recent findings of biochemistry, which have shown how intricate and complex the chemistry of biological life really is. Scientists are engaged in creating analogies of biological cells from non-organic matter. This has been discussed by the Russian science vlogger, Anton Petrov, but it will be something like a thousand years before humanity will be able to make anything like one of Blade Runner’s Replicants.

Conclusion: A Forgotten Masterpiece

But it does show the horrors of war, and the threat of uncontrolled scientific advances used for military purposes, a threat not just to Britain, but also to Europe and global civilisation. This is SF as the literature of warning. In one incident, the continent sends war robots into Britain to fight the Flesh, which defeats them. We are nearing such an international situation now, with the development of real war robots, unmanned drones and tanks. For all its faults, I think the vividness of its writing, its creative imagination of a future war and its machines and its realistic depiction of working class politics and militancy makes the book well worth reading and, indeed, an SF masterpiece.

Alex Sayle Recites His Slam Poem, ‘I hate Kier Starmer’

Except it’s not really a poem, just an angry rant. But he does tell it like a lot people feel. Sayle was one of the great alternative comedians who exploded onto British television in the 1980s, people like Rik Mayall and Ade Edmondson, The Young Ones, and French and Saunders. They were immediately controversial for being iconoclastic, left-wing and politically correct. And in the case of Sayle, shouty and sweary. Sayle’s parents were Jewish Romanian Communists, who came to settle in Liverpool, and much of his humour was about Communist politics. I think he did a radio series in which the Russian revolutionaries, Lenin, Trotsky and the others, were members of a football team. He also made the odd joke about the Russian football team Moscow Dynamos. I think he’s left-wing Labour rather than anything further left, and is definitely, definitely not a fan of its current leader. Sayle is genuinely anti-racist, and so was one of the hosts or supporting acts for a series of performances in which the Black anti-racist activist smeared as an anti-Semite appeared to present his case. This was the same Black activist who had managed to get the parents of Stephen Lawrence to meet Nelson Mandela, and in the 1980s worked with the Board of Deputies of British Jews to have legislation pass against real anti-Semitism. This was against the BNP beating up Jews in Thanet. So, Sayle is obviously not going to be popular with Starmer and his cronies. He’s genuinely anti-racist, as well as being a socialist supporter of Corbyn. And therefore the Wrong Kind of Jew.

This piece comes from Sayle’s podcast, in which he gives a list of reasons why he hates Starmer. This begins with how he looks like he’s trying to play down a sex scandal in a dog’s home, his pedantry other personal comments, before stating that he hates him because he broke every promise he made when he was campaigning for the Labour leadership. It ends with him saying he’d rather not hate Starmer. He’d rather nobody hated Starmer, because Starmer wouldn’t be in a position of power to be hated.

Have fun!

Gracchus Babeuf and the Calls for a Welfare State in 18th Century France

Gracchus Babeuf was a French revolutionary, who tried to overthrow the Directory and establish a communist state during the French Revolution as the leader of the ‘Conspiracy of Equals’. He’s one of the founders of the European socialist and communist traditions. I’ve been reading Ian Birchall’s book on him and his legacy, The Spectre of Babeuf (Haymarket Books 2016), and it’s fascinating. Birchall discusses the influences on Babeuf, which included Morelly, the author of the Code de la Nature, which also advocated a communist system with a centrally planned economy, Nicolas Collignon, who wrote an 8 page pamphlet demanding the same, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In Collignon’s ideal state, the citizens were to be provided with free food and clothing, high quality housing, schools and healthcare. Like the Tories, he also believed in competition, so doctors would be graded according to their performance. Those that cured the most would be consequently paid more and get promotion, while those who cured the least would be struck off. Even before he devised his own communist plans, he was already discussing the need for collective farms. What he meant by this is not collective farms in the soviet sense, but farms run cooperatively by their workers rather than a single farmer with employees. And he was also in favour of creating a welfare state. In a book he authored on correct taxation, he wrote

‘That a national fund for the subsistence of the poor should be established. That doctors, apothecaries and surgeons should be psif wages out of public funds so that they can administer assistance free of charge. That a system of national education be established out of which all citizens may take advantage. That magistrates be also paid wages out of public revenue, so that justice can be done free of charge.’ (p. 29).

Birchall also attacks the view promoted by Talmon in his The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy that Babeuf was an authoritarian who prefigured soviet tyranny. Talmon was an Israeli Conservative writing at the beginning of the Cold War. But Babeuf himself, although a revolutionary, was also keen to preserve and expand democracy. One of his suggestions was that there should be a set of elected officials charged with making sure that delegates to the national assembly were representing their constituents properly. If they weren’t, the people had the right to recall them.

Regarding industrial organisation, he believed that the citizens in each commune should be divided into classes, each class representing a different trade. The members of these classes would appoint governors, who would set the work and carry out the instructions of the municipal government. It’s very much a command economy, and utopian in that money would be abolished.

I can’t say I find Babeuf’s full-blown communist ideas attractive, for the reason I believe in a mixed a economy and the right of people to do what they wish outside of interference from either the authorities or other people. And I really don’t see how such a state could last long without a money economy. Some Russians looked forward to the establishment of such an economy at the beginning of the Russian Revolution when the economy began to break down and trading went back to barter in some areas until the Bolsheviks restored the economy. And there is clearly conflict between violent revolution and democracy. But I respect his calls for a welfare state. He was also an advocate of equality for women and an opponent of imperialism, which he felt corrupted extra-European peoples with European vices. This view is clearly based on the 17th century ideas of the Noble Savage, in which primitive peoples are seen as better and more morally advanced than civilised westerners.

Demands for a welfare state are as old as socialism itself. We cannot allow the British welfare state and NHS to be destroyed by the Tories and Blairite Labour under Starmer.

Video on Orion, the US Navy’s Nuclear Space Battleship

I found this very interesting video on the Found and Explained channel on YouTube. It’s about Orion, a massive space battleship designed, but fortunately never built, by the US navy. The vehicle would have been propelled by nuclear bombs thrown out from the rear of the spacecraft. The force of the explosion would have been caught by a buffer plate on four retracting struts. This would have absorbed the shock, while allowing the spacecraft to move at immense speeds. The ship would have had a complement of 120 men, who would have rested and worked, at least at times, in a centrifuge that would have generated artificial gravity. It would also have carried four shuttle craft, and an arsenal of 140 nuclear bombs. It would also have carried another type of nuclear bomb, the details of which are still classified. This would have been thrown out of the spacecraft and when it exploded would have released a deadly beam of charged particles at its target. It would also have been equipped with a number of conventional naval cannons. I think the intention was to dominate the Earth militarily from space. The navy also planned a number of peaceful missions, including expeditions to Saturn by the 1970s. They didn’t work out any detailed plans but created a detailed model which they showed to Kennedy to persuade him to back the project. It had the opposite effect. Kennedy realised that it would have made the Cold War much worse, and wisely cancelled it.

The video’s sponsored by a Star Trek computer game, and so there’s much comparison between the USS Enterprise and other ships in that series with the Orion battleship. It also goes into the methods by which the spacecraft could be used to become a real starship enabling humanity to reach Alpha Centauri. With its conventional nuclear fuel, it could attain 3.3 per cent of the speed of light, which would enable humanity to reach Alpha Centauri in 144 years. But other techniques could be used, including matter-antimatter annihilation. This could propel the ship to 80 per cent of the speed of light, cutting the journey time to a decade or so. Unfortunately, anti-matter is immensely expensive and so unless or until a cheap method of mass producing it is found, that means of propulsion is impossible.

Sagan mentions the Orion spacecraft in Cosmos, and how it could have taken humanity to the stars. He doesn’t mention, however, the fact that it was intended as a warship. Either he didn’t know, which is unlikely, or that aspect of the ship’s design was classified at the time, and he wasn’t at liberty to divulge it. However, the use of bombs to push a spacecraft forward is actually a sound one. It was tested experimentally on a scale model, and there are clips of this about. The idea goes back to before the Russian Revolution, when an imprisoned revolutionary sketched a platform taking off from the ground propelled by exploding gunpowder bombs beneath it.

Nuclear explosions in space are currently banned under international law, which has helped to prevent atomic war but means that so far only chemical rockets can be used for space exploration. The Beeb a while ago made a science fiction programme about humans exploring the solar system in a nuclear rocket and confidently predicted that, although now fiction, this would actually happen sometime in this century. I’m also struck about how closely the spacecraft resembles the Discovery, the spacecraft that travels to meet the alien monolith around Jupiter in Kubrick’s 2001. That was also nuclear propelled, and its crew also lived in a giant centrifuge to simulate gravity.

I also wonder if JFK cancelled the project for financial as well as geopolitical reasons. Such as spacecraft would have been massively expensive. As it was, the Moon programme absorbed 5 per cent of America’s GDP, and that was for conventional, chemical rockets carrying no more than three men. I can see the construction of a spacecraft like Orion practically bankrupting the entire country, just as trying to keep up with Reagan’s wretched Star Wars programme did the Soviet Union. Scientists have estimated that the technology isn’t necessarily the problem with building spacecraft to other stars. We can almost do it now. It’s just the expense. It’ll be about 200 years before the world can afford to build such spacecraft.

One day a ship like Orion may be built to take us to Alpha Centauri and beyond. But hopefully, not as a warship.

Glasgow Council Report Criticises Statues of Livingstone, Peel and Gladstone for Slavery Links

GB News and the Heil carried reports a few days ago attacking Glasgow council for a report compiled by a highly respected Scottish historian about the city’s historic involvement in the slave trade and its statues commemorating figures connected with it. The council felt that, unlike Liverpool and Bristol, and the city had not faced up to its history as one of the other major British centres of the slave trade. It compiled a list of seven statues that were particularly questionable because of their subjects’ links to the trade. These included the missionary and abolitionist, David Livingstone, Robert Peel and William Ewart Gladstone. The reports concentrated on the criticism of Livingstone, as the man was a fervent abolitionist and it demonstrates how ridiculousness the iconoclasm by the anti-slavery activists is. According to reports by GB News, the Heil and the Glasgow Herald, it’s partly because Livingstone started work at age 10 in factory weaving and processing slave-produced cotton from the West Indies. They make the point that as a child worker, Livingstone had absolutely no control over what the factory did. I doubt very much that he had much control, as someone who could be called a ‘factory slave’, over his choice of employment either. Later videos from GB News and further down in the articles from the Herald and the Heil is the statement that he also defend the cotton masters, believing that they were paternalistic. He may well have done so, but this hardly discredits him because of his life’s work in Africa.

Livingstone had a genuine, deep hatred, as many British Christians had at the time, of slavery. He travelled to Africa to spread Christianity and to combat slavery as its sources. He was also a doctor, and had worked hard after work to educate himself. One of the guests on the GB News debate about it was a right-wing historian of Africa. He pointed out that Livingstone is still very much loved in Africa, and there are plaques to him in Malawi, Zambia, Tanganyika and three other African countries. I have no doubt this is absolutely true. A few years ago I took out of Bristol’s central library a history of Malawi. The book was even-handed and objective. It did not play down massacres by the British army committed when we annexed the area during fighting with the slaving tribes. It described how, under imperialism, White Malawians tended to look down on the indigenous peoples and the dissatisfaction with imperial rule that resulted from the use of forced labour. But neither did it omit or play down the enslavement of indigenous Africans by the other native peoples. These included the Yao, Marganja, Swahili and Arabs, who preyed on the other tribes for the Arab slave trade, sending their captives to Zanziba, Kilwa and across the Indian ocean. To gain their victims’ trust, they’d settle down with them for a year, working alongside them as friends before finally turning on them. They also set up a series of forts to defend the slave routes. One of these, set up by Zarafi, one of the most infamous slavers, had a palisade on which were impaled 100 severed heads. As for the akapolo slaves used in the local economy, they were made very much aware of their status. They had to work with broken tools, and eat their meals off the floor. The chiefs, meanwhile, seemed to have spent much of their time relaxing and having their hair done.

Livingstone, whatever his faults, hated all this and his settlement became a refuge for runaway slaves. As did many of the other settlements he or his followers founded for this purpose. These settlements have since expanded to form some of Malawi’s towns.

William Ewart Gladstone was the leader of Britain’s Liberal party, serving as prime minister, in the latter half of the 19th century. The scandal here is that Gladstone’s family got its money from slave estates in the West Indies. I know Conservatives who genuine hate slavery, who despise Gladstone because of this. So it isn’t just ‘leftists’ that have issues with the Grand Old Man, as Gladstone’s supporters dubbed him. But Gladstone is immensely important because of the social legislation he enacted. He was an Anglican, who, in the words of one historian, ‘became the voice of the Nonconformist conscience’. He wanted the disestablishment of the Anglican church at a time when Christian Nonconformists were still required to pay it tithes and other duties that left them disadvantaged. He also wanted to give Ireland home rule. Of course this faced immense opposition, and I think it was one reason why he failed to win elections as the century wore on. But it seems to me that if he had been able to enact this policy, then perhaps Ireland’s subsequent history may not have been quite so bloody. One of the surprising facts about Irish history is that there was in the 18th century an alliance between Roman Catholics and Protestant Nonconformists. This was before Roman Catholic emancipation, which legalised it and granted Roman Catholics civil rights. At the same time Protestant Nonconformists were tolerated, but still suffered deep political disabilities. As a result, one of Ulster’s historic Roman Catholic churches was build with donations and subscriptions from Ulster nonconformist Protestants. This surprising fact was included in a BBC Radio 4 series, Mapping the Town, which traced the history of British and UK towns through their maps.

I don’t know much about Robert Peel, except that he introduced free trade as a policy for the Conservatives, or a section of the Conservatives. But what he is primarily known for is founding the metropolitan police force. I’ve got a feeling he might also have been responsible for reducing the 100-odd crimes that carried the death penalty to three. These included murder and treason. It might be because of Peel that we’re no longer hanging people for stealing a loaf of bread or impersonating a Chelsea pensioner. But long before Glasgow council decided he was problematic, there was also a demonstration by masked protesters in London demanding that his statue should be removed. And last year the right were also getting in a tizzy because one of Liverpool’s universities was removing him as the name of one of their halls. The student union replaced him with a Black woman, who was a Communist and teacher. She is, no doubt, perfectly worthy of commemoration, but hardly in Gladstone’s league.

Part of the problem is that iconoclasts want to judge everything by a very strict, modern morality. Slavery and the slave trade was an abomination and was rightly abolished. Good people have been continuing the struggle against global slavery since then. But not everybody, who was connected to the trade, is such a monster that they should be blotted out of history in the same way Stalin’s historians removed all mention of his opponents.

One of the things you are taught, or at least were taught, in history at university level is not to play ‘goodies’ and ‘baddies’ with historical figures. There is no set outcome to the historical process. If events had been different in the past, then modern society would also be different. If, horribly, Wilberforce and the abolitionists had lost, then slavery would still be unchallenged today. At the same time, you need to use the historical imagination to understand why people in the past behaved as they did, and why good people by the standard of their times were capable of attitudes that are deeply morally repugnant to us.

The great British philosopher, Sir Isaiah Berlin, was an admirer of the 17th-18th century Italian historian Vico. Vico believed, as Berlin later did, that there were no objective moral values. He noted how they changed over time, and that to properly understand a past epoch, you needed to understand also its art and culture. I don’t think he was a cultural relativist, however. Berlin certainly wasn’t – he believed that while there were no objective moral values, there were certainly those which acted as if they were. He was fiercely anti-Communist, partly because his family were Lithuanian Jews, who had seen their logging business seized by the Bolsheviks and had fled the Russian Revolution. He was a major figure during the Cold War in establishing western contacts with Soviet dissidents like Nadezhda Mandelstam, who wrote moving accounts of her experience of the gulags under Stalin.

I don’t share Berlin’s Conservatism and strongly believe in the existence of objective moral values. But I strongly recommend Berlin’s books. He wrote a series of potted intellectual biographies, including on the early Russian revolutionaries like the 19th century anarchist, Bakunin. Even though he hated what they stood for, his books are notable for his attempts to see things from his subjects’ point of view. So much so that some people, according to Berlin, though he was pro-Communist. They’re fascinating and highly readable, even if you don’t agree that someone like the French utopian socialist Saint-Simon was ‘an enemy of freedom’.

There are statues of slavers and the people connected with the trade that deserve to be torn down. There had been calls for Colston’s statue to be removed since the 1980s. It was highly controversial all those decades ago, though many Bristolians would have defended it because he gave away most of his money to charity. But other historical figures deserve to be still commemorated despite their connections to the ‘abominable trade’ because of their immense work that has benefited both Britain and nations like Malawi. And I believe that some of those, who find figures like Gladstone objectionable, could also benefit from reading Vico and Berlin. In the meantime, it should be noted that Glasgow council has no plans to tear any statues down.

Slavery is a great moral evil. But historic slavery should not considered so grave and unforgivable, that it is used to blot out the memory of figures like Livingstone, Gladstone and Peel, whose work has so helped shape modern Britain for the better.

British Fascist Accusations of Corrupt Jewish Influence in Parliament

I’ve put up several pieces today commenting on far-right Labour MP Neil Coyle and his anti-Semitic tweet about members of Jewish Voice for Labour being ‘Communists’ with their ‘own parties to ruin’. I commented on how this is very close to Nazi rantings about ‘Jewish Marxism’ and power in the SPD and government generally. But it wasn’t just the German Nazis who held these vile beliefs. There were also in British Fascism from the very start. During the War radical right anti-Semitic groups accused Jewish Anglo-German businessmen, such as Alfred Mond, of secretly aiding Germany. The coalition government was reviled as the ‘Jewalition’, while the post-War Conservative Die-Hards were anti-Semitic, anti-Socialist and believed that there was a secret Jewish plot to bring down the Empire. This sounds highly relevant to me, despite the distance of time and space. The Blairites are also anti-Socialist, and Blair’s wars were another form of western imperialism, disguised as freeing countries from tyrants and giving them democracy. In fact it was about removing checks to Western dominance and, in the case of Iraq, looting the country of its oil and state industries. British anti-Semites like Rotha Orne Linton and Nesta Websta were bonkers conspiracy theorists, who believed that Jews and Freemasons were responsible for every revolution and every calamity that had befallen humanity from the French to the Bolshevik Revolutions. One of these ladies also claimed that Nudism was also part of this vast Jewish plot! These people really weren’t well. I can hear Frankie Howerd, the great comedian, who would almost certainly have been killed or put in a concentration camp because of his homosexuality, saying, ‘Oh don’t mock! It’s rude to mock the afflicted!’

I found this piece in Richard Thurlow’s Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918-1985 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1987) describing British Fascist denunciations of what they saw as the corruption of the British parliament dominated by Jewish interests:

‘Other members did not mince their words with regard to the British government. William Joyce attacked the ‘Slobbering, bastardised mendacious triumvirate’ of Churchill, Eden and Cooper and argued that conscription would bring into the army thousands of young fascists whose training should not be wasted. Elwin Wright, who up until 1937 had been secretary of a respectable Anglo-German Fellowship, advocated the shooting of Jews, called Neville Chamberlain a liar and a traitor and stated that Parliament was a ‘blackmailing corrupt body of bastards.’ For Commander Cole, the Palace of Westminster was full of dirty, corrupt swine and the House of Commons was a ‘house of bastardised Jews’. Cole’s extreme anti-Semitism had developed as a result of his exposure to the Protocols when he had been involved with allied help to the White Russians in the Civil War in the 1920s.’ (p.82).

One of the various Fascist magazines circulating in the early 1920s was The Hidden Hand, published by The Britons. This had originally been called Judentum Ueber Alles when it appeared in 1920, but changed its name in the September of that year. Judentum Ueber Alles – ‘Jewry Over Everything’, an obvious play on the German national anthem, Deutschland Ueber Alles. Perhaps that’s how we should refer to any announcement by Starmer or the Blairites of another purge of innocent, decent Jews, on the spurious pretext that they are somehow anti-Semitic, because they criticise Israel, or ‘communists’ because they’re socialists?

And there was another nasty, anti-Semitic publication, The Jews’ Who’s Who. Presumably this was a list of Jewish figures in parliament, industry, culture and the arts, and the gentiles who supported them. This reminds me of the Campaign Against Anti-Semitism and related groups, who apparently put together a map of the people they accused of anti-Semitism – who were naturally supporters of Jeremy Corbyn, including Jews – and where they lived. This resulted in one entirely blameless Jewish woman having her car firebombed.

We have gone very far through the looking glass here, folks, where anti-Semitism is dressed up as its opposite and racists use its accusation to smear genuine decent, anti-racists, especially if they’re Jewish.

If this carries on, will the next time Starmer speaks he’ll be met by a uniformed mob chanting ‘Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Starmer!’ Because if he isn’t, he should.

Ex-Army Paz Catches Cold War Paranoia

Last week I posted a piece about the right-wing YouTuber, Ex-Army Paz 49, posting a video supporting the letter of the French generals and squaddies threatening Macron with dire consequences if he didn’t get tough on Muslims. Paz is a former squaddie, who has swallowed the right-wing lie that Marxism, Communism and socialism are all the same thing, really. They have never worked, and are responsible for the deaths of hundreds of millions across the globe.

This is pretty much true of Communism under Mao, Stalin and the other dictators, who turned their countries into vast open air prisons and ruled with fear, artificial famines, purges and the gulag. But Communism was only one form of Marxism. Before the Russian Revolution, mainstream European Marxism supported democratic elections and the expansion of the suffrage to include all of the working class. One of its leading ideologues, the Austrian Karl Kautsky, hated the Bolsheviks’ destruction of democracy and their disenfranchisement and enslavement of the former governing class. He was also cautious about nationalisation, feeling that it should only be done when the natural development of an industry had turned it into a monopoly. Then it should be taken over by the state and run for the good of society as a whole, and not just its capitalist owners and shareholders.

The mainstream European socialist parties, such as Labour in Britain, the Social Democrats in Germany and Austria, were reformists. They rejected revolution for evolution, preferring to introduce socialism through parliamentary reform. They fully supported democracy and included some of the most bitter critics of the Communist one party states and totalitarian rule. Regarding nationalisation, there was a spread of views within these parties from those on the left who wished for more nationalisation to Social Democrats like Anthony Crossland, who believed that nationalisation should be rejected in favour of progressive taxation and strong trade unions, which would deliver the same results. The consensus was for a mixed economy. There was a minimum of nationalisation – the public utilities – linked to state planning and industrial investment. The result was a period of continued growth that lasted from the end of the Second World War to the 1970s.

But all this is either ignored or utterly unknown to right-wingers like Paz, who really do seem to think that Jeremy Corbyn was some kind of Marxist subversive because he urged a return to the post-War consensus. But just as Marxism and socialism have revived thanks to the obviously failing state of Reaganomics and Thatcherite free trade capitalism, so the old Cold War paranoia about THEM has come back. Paz posted a video last week claiming that Black Lives Matter and Trans activism were all being encouraged by an unknown foreign power in preparation for taking over the country. This is based on something a Soviet defector, Yuri Bezmenov, said on American TV twenty years ago. Bezmenov said that the Soviet authorities regarded western leftists as ‘useful idiots’ and encouraged them in order to weaken the West ready for a Soviet invasion. Paz was convinced, as are many other rightists, that this going on right now. It’s just that ‘we don’t know who’.

This is just standard Cold War state disinformation. Yes, Black Lives Matter are a Marxist organisation and the Critical Race Theory that underpins it and much other Black activism is a Marxist ideology. The Queer Theory that forms the intellectual basis of transgender activism is also a product of the postmodern extreme left. Lenin and the other Soviet leaders certainly did see western fellow travellers as ‘useful idiots’. But I see absolutely no foreign influence behind either BLM or the Trans lobby. They seem to be natural development in certain strands of anti-racist and gay rights activism. In the case of Black Lives Matter, this has gained considerable urgency because Blacks and people of colour have been particularly hard hit by the poverty caused by forty years of wage restraint and welfare cuts, along with the banking crisis and now Covid. As for trans politics, I think this has partly expanded because it’s now viewed as the new battleground over gay rights. And I don’t think the mainstream gay organisations in Britain are Marxist. One of the founders of Stonewall here in Britain, apparently, was Matthew Paris, who was Maggie Thatcher personal private secretary until he got sacked for writing a rude letter to an old lady, who had written to her.

The paranoia about some shadowy foreign power simply looks like the kind of state propaganda put out over here during the 70s and 80s by MI5 and IRD. They claimed that just about every figure on the radical left was somehow in the pay of Moscow. This included the anarchists, the IRA, the PLO and mainstream Labour politicians like Tony Benn, whom they also smeared as supporters of the IRA. It wasn’t true, and some of its targets, like the anarchists, actually found it so wrong to be hilarious. But it was effective in discrediting decent politicians like Benn to a section of the British electorate.

Well, Communism and the Soviet Union fell in the 1990s, though this didn’t get through to a hard line of the paranoid fringe in America. A certain section of the survivalist milieu believed that the USSR hadn’t really collapsed. They had only made it seem that way. In reality the USSR was alive and well, and had secret bases in Canada and Mexico ready to send tanks over the border when the time was right. However, thirty years after the collapse of the USSR, it’s obvious to just about everyone that Communism, except in China and some other minor countries, really has fallen. Hence the fact that Paz and the other rightists are utterly convinced that some foreign power is behind BLM and the trans movement, but don’t really know who.

My guess is that as capitalism continues to fail and discontent spreads, there’s going to be more deliberate disinformation published in the right-wing media smearing the old, traditional left as Communists and Marxists, like they did with Jeremy Corbyn.

Which means there are going to be a few more ultra-patriots like Paz convinced that it’s all being done ready for a foreign invasion, but can’t tell you who. Welcome to the new Cold War.

Radio 4 Programme on Friday on the History of British Fascism

Radio 4 on Friday, 19th February 2021 begins a new, three part series on the history of British Fascism, Britain’s Fascist Thread. The blurb for the programme in the Radio Times, which is on at 11 O’clock in the morning, runs

Historian Camilla Schofield explores a century of British fascism, from the formation of the British Fascisti in 1923, arguing that it is a central and ongoing part of the British story. The first programme takes the rally staged by the British Union of Fascists at Olympia in June 1934 as a keyhole through which to look in order to understand fascism in the years before the Second World War.

The additional piece by David Crawford about the series on the facing page, 132, reads

There have been fascist movements in Britain for almost a century now and, with the recent news of young teenagers being arrested for being a part of neo-Nazi groups, it seems as if this stain on our national character is not fading away. Historian Camilla Schofield, who has published a book on Enoch Powell and Britain’s race relations, argues that fascism shouldn’t be seen as something alien imported from abroad but a central and, yes, ongoing part of the British story. This three part survey of British Fascism begins at the rally by Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists at Olympia in 1934 then rewinds to 1923 when the androgynous, upper-middle class Rotha Lintorn-Orman formed the British Fascisti, supposedly after an epiphany while digging her garden. A warning from history not to take our precious democracy for granted.

Martin Pugh also argues that British Fascism wasn’t an import from abroad but a continuation of certain strands in British political history in his book on British Fascism between the Wars. This is based on the British Fascists’ own contention that their movement had its basis in Queen Elizabeth’s enfranchisement of certain towns in the 16th century. This formed a native corporatist tradition like the corporate state Mussolini was creating in Fascist Italy.

As for Rotha Lintorn-Orman, I think this very middle class lady was an alcoholic, who thought that she was in astral contact with the spirit of the Duc d’Orleans, a nobleman from the time of the French Revolution. This aristo’s ghost told her that all revolutions from the French to the Russian were the work of the Jews, who were trying to destroy European, Christian civilisation.

The British Fascisti were really extreme right-wing Tories rather than Fascists proper. They specialised in disrupting socialist meetings and supplying blackleg labour during strikes. In one confrontation with the left, they managed to force a van supplying copies of the Daily Herald, a Labour paper, off the road. I think Oswald Mosley described their leadership as consisting of middle class women and retired colonels. They were in talks to merge their organisation with Mosley’s until Britain’s greatest wannabe dictator asked them about the corporate state. I don’t think they knew what it was. When he explained, they decried it as ‘socialism’ and Mosley decided that they weren’t worth bothering with.

Pugh’s book also argues that the British idea that our nation is intrinsically democratic is very much a product of hindsight. He points out that there was considerable opposition to democracy amongst the upper classes, especially the Indian office. British ideas about the franchise were tied to notions of property and the ability to pay rates. The French notion that the vote was an inalienable right was rejected as too abstract.

British fascism is also shares with its counterparts on the continent an origin in the concerns of the 19th century agricultural elite with the declining health and fitness of their nations. The upper classes were appalled at the poor physiques of men recruited by the army to fight the Boer War from the new, industrial towns. There was an obvious fear that this was going to leave Britain very weak militarily.

It’s also struck me that with her background in race relations, Schofield will also argue that British fascism also has its roots in native British racism and imperialism, citing organisations such as the anti-Semitic British Brothers League, which was formed to stop continental Jewish immigration to Britain.

Oswald Mosley also tried telling the world that British fascism wasn’t an import, but then, he also tried telling everyone that the Fasces – the bundle of rods with an axe – was an ancient British symbol. It wasn’t. It was a Roman symbol, and represented the power of the lictor, a type of magistrate, to beat and execute Roman citizens. It was adopted by Mussolini as the symbol of his movement, Fascism, which actually takes its name from the Italian word fascio, which means a bundle or group. I think that Pugh’s right in that there certainly is a native tradition of racism and extreme nationalism in Britain, and that the British self-image of themselves as an innately democratic nation is a product of Churchill’s propaganda during the Second World War. However, Fascism proper with its black shirts and corporative state is very much an import from Mussolini’s Italy. But then, Mosley also claimed that socialism and liberalism were also imports. It will, however, be interesting to hear what Schofield has to say, especially with the really bonkers parts of British fascism, like Lintorn-Orman and her spiritual conversations with French aristocratic Jew-haters from the Other Side.

Lenin’s Decree on Workers’ Control in the Russian Revolution

Robert V. Daniels’ A Documentary History of Communism in Russia from Lenin to Gorbachev (Burlington, Vermont: University of Vermont Press 1993) also contains the text of Lenin’s decree establishing workers’ control in businesses throughout the Russian empire. This ran

1. In the interests of a systematic regulation of national economy, Worker’s Control is introduced in all industrial, commercial, agricultural (and similar) enterprises which are hiring people to work for them in their shops or which are giving them work to take home. This control is to extend over the production, storing, buying and selling of raw materials and finished products as well as over the finances of any enterprises.
2. The workers will exercise this control through their elected organisations such as factory and shop committees, soviets of elders, etc. The office employees and the technical personnel are also to have representation in these committees.
3. Every large city, province and industrial area is to have its own Soviet of Workers’ Control, which, being an organ of the S(oviet) of W(orkers’), S(oldiers’)and P(easants’) D(eputies), must be composed of representatives of trade unions, factory, shop and other workers’ committees and workers’ cooperatives.
4. …
5. ….
6. The organs of Workers’ Control have the right to supervise production fix the minimum of output, and determine the cost of production.
7. The organs of Workers’ Control have the right to control all the business correspondence of an enterprise. Owners of enterprises are legally responsible for all correspondence kept secret. Commercial secrets are abolished. the owners have to show to the organs of Workers’ Control all their books and statements for the current year and for the past years.
8. The rulings of the organs of Workers’ Control are binding on the owners of enterprises and can be annulled only by decisions of the higher organs of Workers’ Control. (pp. 69-70).

Daniels’ explains that this idea had the support of most of the Russian workers at the time, some of whom were already putting it into practise by force. Sergei Eisenstein shows workers taking over the factories and throwing the bosses out the gates in wheelbarrows in his classic piece of Communist propaganda, October. Lenin initially supported, but later overturned it and restored the authority of the factory management despite Bolshevik opposition. The reason for it is that it simply didn’t work. Lenin genuinely believed that poorly educated workers would have no trouble running a business, but commonsense simply tells you it isn’t true.

However, workers’ control is an inspiring idea. It continued in Yugoslavia as part of their self-management system, and there are ways in which it certainly could be made to work. One obvious way is to train the worker managers up to a level where they can make informed decisions before they start. Another is through the unions providing them with expert advisers on their behalf. These are just ideas off the top of my head. I’m sure that the people who have really tried it in practice through running cooperatives and have served as trade union officials and shop stewards in negotiations with management have better from their own experience.

We desperately need an element of workers’ control and industrial democracy, if not a full-blown representative chamber for working people in parliament. Working people have seen their rights at worker devastated through forty years of Thatcherism. One of the reasons the Tories have been able to enforce their wages freezes, introduce job precarity, zero hours contracts and the gig economy is that they’ve also destroyed the unions through grossly restrictive legislation. And they’re set to make it worse after Brexit, when they will get rid of all the minimum rights workers’ have under the EU’s Social Charter. Which they’ve been wanting to do for nearly forty years, again since Thatcher.

You don’t have to be as radical as Lenin and the Bolsheviks. But we do need a return of strong trade unions, workers’ representation in the boardroom and a Labour Party that actually stands up for working people.

Should I Send the Labour Party a Copy of My Book ‘For A Workers’ Chamber’ as a Policy Suggestion?

I got an email from the Labour Party, of which I am a member, the other day asking if I had any policy suggestions. They’ve been holding various policy reviews for a few months now since Keir Starmer took over as leadere, and have sent at least one of these appeals for suggestions before. I can think of two policies I could suggest, one very serious, the other rather more far-fetched.

The first would be an end to the privatisation of the NHS. No further contracts should be given to private hospitals or healthcare companies. No expansion of the number of charges that Tory legislation permits for NHS services. An absolute end to the Private Finance Initiative and the construction of NHS hospitals in partnership with private companies. No handover of doctors’ surgeries or NHS hospitals to private healthcare companies to manage. If people want to pay for their healthcare, fine, but the NHS should not under be sold off to private enterprise, for them to charge us for it as so many Tories, including Dido Harding’s husband, would like.

That’s the very serious one. The other one is a piece of utopian political theorising I wrote two years ago, and published with the print on demand company Lulu. I was furious with the corruption of parliament by corporate interests. It was reported that something like 77 per cent of MPs are millionaires, and that both Houses are packed with the owners and senior officers in private enterprise. Under the corporatism of the late 20th and early 21st century capitalist penetration of politics, private firms now grant donations to parties and individual politicos, and sponsor events and conferences. In return, senior staff and directors are taken on by government as advisors, or put in charge of government departments and committees. Legislation is framed not for the benefit of the community, but for big business. This has occurred not just under the parties of the right, like the Republicans in America and the Tories here in Britain, but also in the Democrats and the British Labour Party under Tony Blair. See George Monbiot’s excellent dissection of it and its consequences in Captive State, and Rory Bremner’s, John Bird’s and John Fortune’s You Are Here. The working class is being shut out of power, even in the very party that was founded to represent it.

For A Workers’ Chamber was my suggestion for combating this by setting up within parliament a separate chamber to represent working people, organised according to industry, and whose members would consist of workers from those industries. Not managers or directors, workers. I based it on arguments for a parliament for working people that had been around since the early Socialists and Chartists in the 19th century. The blurb for my book runs

For a Worker’s Chamber argues that a special representative chamber composed of representatives of the working class, elected by the working class, is necessary to counter the domination of parliament by millionaires and the heads of industries.

It (t)races the idea of worker’s special legislative assemblies from Robert Owen’s Grand Consolidated Trade Union, anarchism, syndicalism, Guild Socialism, the workers’, soldiers’ and peasants’ councils in Revolutionary Russia, Germany and Austria, the Utopian Socialism of Saint-Simon and the Corporativism of Fascist Italy. It also discusses the liberal forms of corporativism which emerged in Britain during the First and Second World Wars, as well as the system of workers’ control and producer’s chambers in Tito’s Yugoslavia.

It argues that parliamentary democracy should not be abandoned, but needs to be expanded to includ(e) a worker’s chamber to make it more representative.

Of course, such a chamber wouldn’t be necessary if we had a Labour Party that took its job seriously and actually stood for working people rather than corporate interests. There was hope with the election of Jeremy Corbyn, but that’s been severely damaged, if not destroyed completely in many people’s eyes with the election of Keir Starmer. Starmer’s a Blairite neoliberal, who appears to be reversing all the policies agreed and presented in Labour’s last election manifesto. It says so much about the corporate corruption of the party that the Groaniad announced without any shame whatsoever a few weeks ago that the corporate donors, who had stopped funding the party under Corbyn, were now returning under Starmer. Corbyn had transformed Labour into the largest socialist party in Europe, and had raised money not through corporate donations and sponsorship, like Blair, but through ordinary members’ subscriptions. Blair’s and Brown’s determination to cater to big business and turn to winning middle class votes actually lost them working class support, a portion of whom instead turned to UKIP.

And now this seems set to return under Starmer.

So, should I try to be a bit provocative and send my book and its demand for a special chamber of parliament for the workers to the Labour Party as a suggestion for their policy review?